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Evolution Korea The democratic system in South Korea is susceptible to populist impulses. Nonetheless, it is healthier than what one might expect. The country is in search of an alternative development model. A Confucian culture that values respect for ancestors and gendered family relations continues influence the society. There are indications of a secularist cultural trend forming. Origins In prehistoric times the ancestors of the today's Koreans were capable of surviving by hunting and gathering wild food. Around 10,000 years ago, they began to cultivate millet, beans, and other crops. They also raised livestock, and made furs. They formed tribal states in Manchuria and later on the Korean peninsula. They also established an industry of metallurgy, which produced bronze and later iron tools. They also traded with other countries and introduced block and celadon printing to Japan along with art styles as well as a written language and paper making. Gojoseon was founded in 2333 BCE on the southern peninsula. The state embraced Chinese culture which included Confucian Philosophy and Buddhism. In this period the inhabitants of Buyeo were incorporated into Gojoseon. Gojoseon was a hierarchical state where the monarch and other senior officials came from the land aristocracy, while the majority of the population were peasants. The state extracted taxes from these citizens, and often required them to fight in the army or work on projects for the government like building fortifications. Onjo Prince Onjo, a prince from Goguryeo who was also the son of Jumong, the founder of Goguryeo established the state of Baekje towards the end of the time. The new kingdom expanded to the southwest part of the peninsula, and was at war against the Goguryeo commanderies and China's in the area. Baekje accepted Confucian ideas in its state beliefs system in 1390 CE, and made the male-centered concept of filiopiety into a doctrine. In the name of filiopiety, fathers were accountable to their families, and had to be obeyed and respected by everyone, even their grandchildren and children. Goryeo, which would rule from 918 until 1392 CE established the Hangul alphabet built on the patterns created by the mouth when it was pronounced. This dramatically improved communication between people and resulted in an explosion of the writing of Buddhist texts. Woodblock printing and the movable metal type were also refined. It was during this time that the Samguk sagi or 'History of the Three Kingdoms' was first recorded in 1145 CE. The evolution of Korea The Korean peninsula has been continuously inhabited since Neolithic times and early evidence of human settlements is visible in the form of graves lined with stone, with precious goods such as amazonite jewellery being buried with the dead. Megalithic structures, known as dolmens, and made of single large stones, are prevalent throughout the country. Gojoseon was the first political state to be recognized in the first half of 1st millennium BCE. After that the peninsula was ruled by various states in the Three Kingdoms period (57 BCbetween 635 and 57 BC CE) including Baekje Goguryeo and Silla. The northern region of the peninsula was for a while occupied by the Balhae Kingdom, which historians do not consider to be a genuine Korean state. Following the Three Kingdoms, several smaller states emerged during the Proto-Three Kingdoms period, or Several States Period (yeolgugsidae). Among them, Baekje was the most powerful but its dynasty dissolved when Goguryeo was defeated in 676 CE, leaving the southern provinces of Manchuria and the western region surrounding the Hwanghae Bay, while eastern Buyeo and the Gaya confederacy flourished for a short time. The Unified Silla Kingdom then emerged and the three kingdoms started to work together to expand their territories. In the final phase, Silla, with significant Chinese aid, conquered all other states and united the peninsula in 935 CE. As Korea enters the post-crisis period the development paradigm of the country appears to be changing. People who are shocked by the costs of the old systems support a comprehensive program of liberalization of capital, labor and markets for products. On the other hand the supporters of the old system attempt to protect it by promoting nationalist sentiments, and by stoking fears of job losses. Academics and analysts are divided on the extent to which Korea's evolution is being driven by these two trends. This article focuses on the five phases of Korea's evolution in terms of its political development: democratically illiberal democracies (1945-60) democratic autoritarianism (1961-72) authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-1877) democratic paternalism (2001-2002) and democratic participation (2002). This article also highlights important factors that appear to influence these processes. Creationism in Korea In South Korea, 26 percent of the population is Christian. The creationists have been successful in promoting their beliefs to this group. A survey conducted in 2009 revealed that almost one-third of respondents were against evolution. Of the respondents, 41% believed there was not enough scientific evidence to support the theory 39% of respondents claimed that it did not align with their religious beliefs; and 17 percent said they did not understand it. This level of doubt is similar to the United States where a similar percentage of people do not believe that humans evolved from less advanced types of life. In the past, the anti-evolution campaign in Korea focused primarily on teaching students and bringing Christ to them. A significant rise in interest in creation science came in the year 1980, following the inauguration of a four-day seminar during the World Evangelization Crusade in Seoul which featured Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Giss of ICR were the keynote speakers. This event attracted a large number of professors, church leaders, and scientists. The success of the event led to the formation of the Korea Association of Creation Research on January 31, 1980. The inauguration meeting was widely covered in national newspapers, such as The Korea Times and Chosun Ilbo and also was well-received by the public. KACR started publishing a newsletter titled CREATION. In it, the organization published its own activities and published articles on scientific evidence for creationism. It also translated several slides and film strips from ICR as well as some books on creationism that were published outside of Korea. KACR members gave lectures across the nation in universities and churches. A KACR success was seen at KAIST University in Seoul. Students at KAIST in Seoul were so keen on the concept of creationism that they raised money and secured support to build a small museum dedicated to creation on campus. In addition to its public activities, KACR publishes a bimonthly news magazine, CREATION, that covers topics related to creation science. It has also sponsored a series of talks by ICR staff. It has also established a network of local branches, which hold seminars and present talks to school children and other community groups. The evolution of South Korea In the latter part of the nineteenth century and the early 20th century, Korea began to adopt a more Westernized style of life. The traditional Korean dress, the hanbok, was replaced with miniskirts and other foreign fashion elements. Similarly, traditional Korean music styles were replaced by modern jazz and rock and roll. In this time, the famous samulnori or masked dancing-dramas were very popular. These dramatic pieces were performed to the beat of shaman drummers as well as other instruments. 에볼루션 무료체험 is being created in the aftermath of the economic crisis. The main challenge for the new regime is the balance between state-led economic policies and market-based ones. It also involves rethinking the incentives and monitoring schemes that have shaped the system before the crisis. These issues are addressed in Chapters 3 and 4. The Baekje was founded by Onjo, prince of Goguryeo and the third son of Jumong, Baekje was established jointly by people living along the Hangang River, those from Buyeo and other regions, as well as people from northern China. In the early 4th century, Baekje was a major regional power and expanded its territory as far as Mahan in the north and Jeollanam-do in the south. The kingdom was in constant conflict with Goguryeo and the Chinese commanderies on the border. The decline of Silla in the late 8th and 9th centuries allowed strong local factions to emerge. Gungye an eminent noble from Later Baekje, established a kingdom with Songak as its capital and held control over a portion of present-day Jeolla and Chungcheong provinces. Then, he moved the capital to Wansanju. He was a rival to Goguryeo. His rule was however short-lived. Wang Geon, a powerful local leader who defeated Gungye in 935 and united Goryeo, Baekje, and Silla and later joined Baekje into Goryeo peacefully as a successor. Wang Geon also introduced fundamental reforms and strengthened the centralized ruling system. This marked the end to the Three Kingdoms Period. From that point, the Korean peninsula was ruled by the Goryeo Dynasty. During the Three Kingdoms period, Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla gradually grew to become powerful states in Manchuria and on the peninsula.